Multiple Elements (E1, E2, E3)

Selects all elements matched by selector E1, E2 or E3.

For e.g.

1. $(‘div, p, pre’) selects all elements matched by
   or

   or

   .

2. $(‘p bold, .class-name) sleects all elements matched by that are descendants of

   as well as all elements that have a class of ‘.class-name’.

The comma (,) combinator is an efficient way to select disparate elements.

Nth Child (:nth-child(n))

All elements that are the nth child of their parent.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:nth-child(3)’) selects all elements matched by
2. that are the 3rd child of their parent.

The ‘n’ is 1 based as this is strictly derived from the CSS specification.  For all other selectors jQuery follows 0-based counting.

First Child (:first-child)

All elements that are the first child of their parent.

For e.g.

1. $(li:first-child’) selects all elements matched by
2. that are the first child of their parent.

The :first-child  pseudo-class is shorthand notation for :nth-child(1).

Last Child (:last-child)

All elements that are the last child of their parent.

For e.g.

1. $(li:last-child’) selects all elements matched by
2. that are the last child of their parent.

Only Child (:only-child)

All elements that are the only child of their parent.

For e.g.

1. $(‘:only-child’) selects all elements that are the only child of their parent.
2. $(‘p:only-child’) sleects all elements matched by

   that are the only child of their parent.

Not (:not(s))

All elements that do not match selector ‘s’.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:not (.myclass)’) selects all elements matched by
2. that do not have class=”myclass”.
3. $(‘li:not(:last-child)’) selects all elements matched by
4. that are not the last child of their parent element.

Empty (:empty)

All elements that have no children (including text nodes).

For e.g.

1. $(‘p:empty’) selects all elements matched by

   that have no children.

2. $(’empty’) selects all elements that have no children.

All Elements (*)

All elements

For e.g.

1. $(‘*’) selects all elements in the document.
2. $(p > ‘*’) selects all elements that are children of a paragraph element.

XPath Selectors

Contains ([E])

All elements that contain an element matched by E.

For e.g.

1. $(‘div[p]’) selects all elements matched by
   that contain an element matched by

   .

This selector is like the reverse of the descendant selector (either E1 // E2 or E1 E2), in that it selects all elements that have a descendant element matched by E1 instead of all elements matched by E2 that are descendants of some other element.

Attribute Selectors

Attribute selectors begin with @ symbol before jQuery 1.3.  After V1.3 remove the @symbol before the attribute name.

Has Attribute ([foo])

All elements that have foo attribute.

For e.g.

1. $(‘a[rel]’) selects all elements matched by that have a rel attribute.
2. $(‘div[class]’) selects all elements matched by
   that have a class attribute.

Attribute Value Equals ([foo=bar])

All elements that have the foo attribute with a value exactly equal to bar.

For e.g.

1. $(‘a[rel=nofollow]’) selects all elements matched by that have an attribute ‘rel’ with a value of ‘nofollow’.
2. $(‘input[name=first-name]’) selects all elements matched by that have a name value exactly equals to first-name.

Attribute Value Does Not Equal ([foo != bar])

All elements that do not have a foo attribute with a value exactly equal to bar.

For e.g.

1. $(‘a[rel != nofollow]’) selects all elements matched by that do not have an attribute ‘rel’ with a value of ‘nofollow’.
2. $(‘input[name != first-name]’) selects all elements matched by that do not have a name attribute with a value exactly equal to first-name.

To exclude the following match link use the following selector
$(‘a:not[rel *= nofollow])’).

Form Selector

The following is the form selector list

1. :input               -> selects all form elements (input, select, textarea, button).
2. :text                -> selects all text fields (type = “text”)
3. :password         -> selects all password fields (type = “password”)
4. :radio               -> selects all radio fields (type = “radio”)
5. :checkbox         -> selects all checkbox fields (type = “checkbox”)
6. :submit             -> selects all submit buttons (type = “submit”)
7. :image              -> selects all form images (type = “image”)
8. :reset               -> selects all reset buttons (type = “reset”)
9. :button             -> selects all other buttons (type = “button”)
10. :file                  -> selects all

Custom Selector

Even element (:even) Odd eleemnt (:odd)

:even All elements with an even index
:odd   All elements with an odd index

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:even’) selects all elements matched by
2. that have an even index value.
3. $(‘tr:odd’) selects all elements matched by that have an odd index value.

As the :even and :odd pseudo-classes match element based on their index, they use JS’s native zero-based numbering.  So, even selects the first, third (and so on) elements while :odd selects teh second, fourth (and so on) elements.

Nth element (:eq(n), :nth(n))

The element with index value equal to n.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:eq(2)’) selects the third
2. element
3. $(‘p:nth(1)’) selects teh second

   element.

Greater than  (:gt(n))

The elements with index greater than N.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:gt(1)’) selects all elements matched by
2. after the second one.

Less than (:lt(n))

The element with index value less to n.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:lt(3)’) selects all elements matched by
2.   before the 4th one, in other words the first three
3. elements.

First (:first)

The first instance of an element.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:first’) selects the first
2. element.
3. $(‘tr:first’) selects the first element.

Last (:last)

The last instance of an element.

For e.g.

1. $(‘li:last’) selects the last
2. element.
3. $(‘tr:last’) selects the last element.

Parent (:parent)

All elements that are parent of another element including text node.

For e.g.

1. $(‘:parent’) selects all elements that are the parent of another element.
2. $(‘td:parent’) selects all elements matched by that are the parent of another element.

Contains (:contains(text))

All elements that contain the specified text.

For e.g.

1. $(‘div:contains(sample div)’) selects all elements matched by
   that contain the text ‘sample div’.
2. $(‘li:contains(wrong link)’) selects all elements matched by
3. that contain the text ‘wrong link’.

The matching text can appear in the selector element or in any of that element’s descendants.

Visible (:visible)

All elements that are visible.

For e.g.

1. $(‘div:visible’) select all elements matched by
   that are visible.

The :visible selector includes elements that have a display of block or inline or any other value other than none and a visibility of visible.

Hidden (:hidden)

All elements that are hidden.

For e.g.

1. $(‘div:hidden’) selects all elements matched by
   that are hidden.

DOM

jQuery has a powerful jquery traversal and manipulation methods.

$() factory revisited

We have used the $() functionto access elements in a document.  Let’s roll up our sleeves and try doing some trick with the $().    In fact simply inserting a snippet of HTMl code inside the parentheses, we can create an entirely new DOM structure.  Isn’t this amazing.

Inserting new elements

The following are the jQuery methods for inserting/appending elements into the DOM.

.before(content)

Inserts content specified by the parameter before each element in the set of matched elements.  The return vlaue is the jQuery object for chaining purposes.  Consider the following HTML fragment.Hide   Copy Code

      This div already exist

Execute the following jquery script.Hide   Copy Code

$('div.div1').before('
This div is dynamically inserted
')

The resulting HTML will beHide   Copy Code

	This div is dynamically inserted


      This div already exist

.insertBefore(content)

Inserts every element in the set of matched elements before the set of elements specified in the parameter.  Consider the following HTML fragment.Hide   Copy Code

      This div already exist

Execute the following jquery script.Hide   Copy Code

$('
This div is dynamically inserted
').insertBefore('div.div1')

The resulting HTML will beHide   Copy Code

	This div is dynamically inserted


      This div already exist

There is only structural difference in the way both the above function works.

.after(content)

Inserts content specified by the parameter after each element in the set of matched element.  Consider the following HTML fragment.Hide   Copy Code

      This div already exist

Execute the following jquery script.Hide   Copy Code

$('div.div1').after('
This div is dynamically inserted
')

The resulting HTML will beHide   Copy Code

      This div already exist


	This div is dynamically inserted

.insertAfter(content)

Inserts every element in the set of matched elements after the set of elements specified in the parameter.  Consider the following HTML fragment.Hide   Copy Code

      This div already exist

Execute the following jquery script.Hide   Copy Code

$('
This div is dynamically inserted
').insertAfter('div.div1');

The resulting HTML will beHide   Copy Code

      This div already exist


	This div is dynamically inserted

Playing with Events

Coming up soon

Effects and Animation

Coming up soon

Spicing website with Ajax

Let’s start with a small usecase in action. Let’s say you have a use case to add “Comment” to a blog post. The code snippet is writting for the ASP.NET MVC framework, but it should be seamless to modify it to suit it to work with classic asp.net, php, ror or anything you deem fit.

The comment view is very simple. The following is the minimal markup without any styles for adding a comment.Hide   Copy Code

 
Add Comment
Body


<%= Html.TextArea("body")%>

The minimal code for the controller is shown below.  When the “Publish” button is clicked we want to make a request to the PostController’s action method named “NewComment” in an asynchronous fashion.  The code shown is only for demonstration purpose and as such has no meaning apart from the context of this discussion.Hide   Copy Code

public class PostController : BaseController
{
    /// Add new comment
    /// The post id.
    /// The body.
    public ActionResult NewComment(Guid postId, string body)
    {
        var post = Repository.GetPostById(postId);

        var comment = new Comment { Body = body, Post = post };
        Repository.AddComment(comment);

        return Content(body);
    }
}

Let’s set up the jQuery to enable posting back in an asynchronous way and also show a progress bar on the way.Hide   Shrink    Copy Code

In the above code the jQuery factory function $() sets up the “comment_submit” click event handler.  Whenever the “submit” button is clicked the click function defined above is executed.    The following points highlights what’s happening in the above function.

1. Line 01 sets up the data to be posted to the controller.
2. Line 02 invokes the ajax method with the following parameters.
3. Line 03 sets the request type to “POST”.
4. Line 04 sets up the URL.  In this case the URL is Post Controller’s action method should be invoked.
5. Line 05 assigns the data as part of the request.
6. Line 06 sets up the beforeSend() handler.  This method is executed just before the ajax method is invoked.
7. Line 07 sets up the loading-panel to display a loading image.  The image can be downloaded from http://www.ajaxload.info/.
8. Line 08 sets up the success() handler.  This method is executed if the AJAX request is sucessfully executed.
9. Line 09 appends the new message to the comment-list div if the request executed successfully.
10. Line 10 invokes the flashit() method which flashes/animates the inserted method.
11. Line 11 sets up the error() handler.  This method is executed if there are any errors while executing the AJAX request.
12. Line 12 sets up the complete() handler.  This method is executed after the AJAX request is completed.
13. Line 13 empties the loading-panel to clear up the image.

AJAX Options

Coming up soon.

Generate Automatic TOC

Let’s quickly create an automated TOC for our page. Say we have a page with the following structure and we need to create a TOC based on the

heading. We want to insert this TOC in the “header” div. All the TOC contents should link back to the content of the page.

HTML Snippet

Hide   Shrink    Copy Code

    

        Automatic Bookmark Headings Example
    

        Using jQuery to Extract Existing Page Information


    

        Automatic Bookmark TOC Example
    

        Using jQuery to Extract Existing Page Information


    
Introduction
    

        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod
        tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
        eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea
        takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
    
    Back to top


    
Content
    

        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod
        tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero
        eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea
        takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
    
    Back to top

The TOC Generator Script

Hide   Shrink    Copy Code

Here the screenshot of this snippet in action

I think the code is well commented to guage the logic.

Limit text box entry

Lets quickly have a look at how you can limit the entry to textbox and display the character input left to be keyed in.Hide   Copy Code

The $() function does the following things on startup.

1. Set a variable to a limit of 250 characters.

2. Assign a default value to the “div” element with id “dvLimit”

3. Find the control that contains the id “txtDemoLimit” and hook up the keyup event.

4. In the keyup event get the length of the current text.

5. If len is greater than the limit set, set the text value as a substring within the specified limit.

6. Update the div with the no. of characters left to be keyed in.

The HTML is shown below.Hide   Copy Code

The following is the application in action.

Create your own Custom filter(*new)

You can create your own custom filters that an be used with jQuery selectors. This provides a good way to extend jQuery.

Let’s create our own custom filter “:inline” which returns all elements whose display is set to “inline”.Hide   Copy Code

(function ($) {
     // Define the custom filter by extending $.expr[':']
     $.expr[':'].inline = function(elem)  {
     	return $(elem).css('display') === 'inline';
     };
})(jQuery);

The above filter returns all elements which has a display style set to ‘inline’. There are other ways or methods to get his information but filters seem to make the whole experience pretty seamless.

Alternate ways to create the above filter.

Hide   Copy Code

 // This syntax allows you to add multiple filters at one go...
 $.extend(
     jQuery.expr.filters,  {
        inline: function(elem) {
        return $(elem).css('display') === 'inline';
        }
     }
);

If you take a peek at the jQuery source code you will find that the the “jQuery.expr.filters” is just an alias for jQuery.expr[“:”]. The snippet is pasted below for reference.Hide   Copy Code

jQuery.expr[":"] = jQuery.expr.filters;

I first read about this at Dissecting jQuery filters

Hope you can creatively expand on the jQuery filters and share your thoughts.

Plug with the Plug-In API

Coming up soon

Best Practices

As you may be aware by this time that there is more than one way to work with jQuery and the thing we have to try is to use the best method i.e. the most performant method. The following are some of the ways in which you can get maximum performance out of jQuery. Note I am not taking into consideration the browser, operating system, hardware and other things which may have some consequence on performance

1. Latest VersionGet the latest version of jQuery. Since jQuery is in active development there will be plenty of fixes that will come up with each release.
    
2. ContextPassing a context to the jQuery function can improve the query performance as this will reduce the number of DOM elements that are traversed. In order to do this you need to pass the jQuery function a second parameter which referes to a single DOM element. This element is then used as the starting point for the DOM querying and as a result there will be some performance benefits which the app may get.
   
   In many situation you can use the this as the second parameter. Please do note that in order for a performance gain, you need to pass an actual DOM reference as the 2nd parameter. Passing anything other than a DOM reference still requires a search of the entire document actually may hinder performance.
    
3. Selector PerformanceThis is one of the important design decision you need to take. The performance may be directly impacted by the selectors you use. The selector peformance is dependent upon the following points
   • Complexity of the selector expression
   • Type of selector
   • Size and Complexity of the DOM that is being evaluated
   Following are some of the important points you can consider while using jQuery
   • Prefer ID selector whenever possible.
   • The simple the selector the better the performance
   • If you have to use class name, always try to use it with other selector as well.
     For. e.g. Use $(‘div.menu’) rather than $(‘.menu’) or something similar based on your requirement.
   • Since Simple DOM are traversed faster the context becomes much more important.
4. Cache elements if they are used frequentNever duplicate the DOM queries for the same element/elements. Cache the result set and use it. This is more important when you are dealing with loops. Store the wrapped set in a local variable outside the loop so that you avoid querying during each iteration.>
5. Keep DOM changes to minimumAs the previous tip this concept is important when dealing with loops. Avoid updating elements in the loop. Rather, create a string representation of the element in the loop and update the DOM outside the loop.Hide   Copy Code// This code is slow var list = $(‘div’); for (i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) { list.append(‘Menu ‘ + i ); // interacts with the DOM 1000 times } // This code is a bit faster var list2 = $(‘div’); var items = ”; for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { items += ‘Menu ‘ + i ; // string concatenation } list2.html(items); // Use DOM only once. NOTE: string concatenation is slow but in this case it will be faster comparted to DOM manipulation. Also there are various optimized string library that peforms efficient concatenation.
6. Use multiple selectors wherever possibleHide   Copy CodePrefer $(‘#p1, #p2’).hide(); Rather than $(‘#p1’).hide(); $(‘#p2’).hide();
7. Leverage chainingUse jQuery chaining when it makes sense. It increases the peforamance of the code and avoid needless repeatition.

More to come….

Modify this as per your requiement and enjoy jQuerying !!!

Building a poor man’s slide show app

In this update, let’s build a simple slide show app.  We will keep the API simple to follow and may skip certain best practices for ease of understanding.  But I will update the article with my observation of the recommended practices and may change the example to refer that.

Let’s begin at the beginning.   Here is the HTML markup for your reference.  A live demo is available on plunkr at http://plnkr.co/edit/OCnBecXAfhXAKbQExW2v?p=info

Here is the preview of what we will be building.

I have kept the CSS simple as I don’t wan’t to distract this article from the main topic.  Add the latest reference to jQuery and jQuery UI (We will use the jQuery UI for showing the dialog box)Hide   Copy Code

First let’s build the API for the slide show module.  This will enable us to understand how to design our library.Hide   Copy Code

$(function () {
  mySlideShow.title("Build your own slide object V0.1",{elementId: "board", timer: 0})
    .slide({
      title: "Slide 1",
      points: ["Point 1","Point 2", "Point 3", "Point 4","Point 5", "Point 6" ]
    })
    .slide({
      title: "Slide 2",
      points: ["Point 3","Point 2"]
    })
    .slide({
      title: "Slide 3",
      points: ["Point 3","Point 3"]
    })
    .slide({
      title: "Slide 4",
      points: ["Point 4","Point 4"]
    })
    .show();
});

We haven’t yet coded the mySlideShow object.  But let’s see what we are expecting from this object.   We intend to invoke the slide show, by passing in a title,  the elementID  were the slides will be displayed, and a timer value.  If the timer vaue is 0 the slides can be navigated by clicking on the “next” and “prev” button.  The timer value is in milliseconds.  If you give a timer value of 1000, then after 1000 seconds the slides will automatically changed.

NOTE:  This is not a full fledged libray, but has enough information to cover the fundamentals.  You can adapt this as per your requirement, style it the way you want it, add images etc.

NOTE:  Also, please note this code is only in couple of iterations and as such I am aware of some ways to optimize this.  The article may be updated in future but the idea now is get the MVP (Minimum Viable Product) feature ready :).

Note the functions are chained here.  We can specify the slides and the points in the slides by using the slide() method which takes an object literal with a title and an array of points.

Now let’s see how the library/module is coded.  First we wrap the entire library code in an IIFE (Immediately invoked function or also called as self invoking anonymous function).  Note we are explicitly passing the global objects like window and jQuery to the function call (This is a best practice to avoid module/naming conflicts)Hide   Copy Code

(function (window, $) {

    var mySlideShow = { 
    };

    window.mySlideShow = mySlideShow;
})(window, jQuery);

Here’ is the full source code with detailed comment. If any part of the code is not clear please shout at me on the comments below.  I will be adding more small examples like this.

 Hide   Shrink    Copy Code

 
(function (window, $) {
  
  var mySlideShow = {
    $element: null,
    counter: 0,   // tracks which slide is currently selected
    slides: [],   // holds all slide object
    
    // The text to show in the title and the options object which contain
    // the elementID and the timer value.
    title: function (text, options){
      var elementId = options.elementId;
      this.timer = options.timer;
      
      this.$element = $("#" + elementId);
      
      // This will be displayed in the jquery UI dialog
      this.$element.attr("title", text);  
      
      // Create the container and the footer divs
      this.$element.append("
");
      this.$element.append("
");
      
      var $footer = $(".footer", this.$element);
      
      
      // Add the next and prev button to the footer div
      $footer.append("");
      $footer.append("");
      
      
      // Create the div for holding the slides
      $(".container").append("
");
      
      // Call the initialize method
      this.onInit();
      
      // Setup the event handler. NOTE:  The repetation in the handlers can be
      // refactored later.
      this._next();   // setup next button click
      this._prev();
      
      return this;  // for method chaining
    },
 
    /*
      In the initialize method setup the timer and handle the windows resize 
      event, so that as the window is resized the slides takes up the full screen.
    */
    onInit: function () {
      // Store a reference to the original object as otherwise in in time calls like
      // setInterval the context will change and "this" will point to global object.
      var that = this;  
      
       if (that.timer) {
        setInterval(function(){
          that.next();  
        },that.timer);
      }
      
      $(window).resize(function () {
         $(that.$element).css({
              'width': $(window).width(),
              'height': $(window).height(),
              'left': '0px',
              'top':'0px'
         });
      }).resize(); //<---- resizes on page ready  
    },
    
    /*
      Given the index of the slide, show the slide.
    */
    load: function (index) {  //loads the slide based on index
      var that = this;
      var current = that.slides[index];
      var $slides = $("div.slides");
      
      $slides.html("");  // clear
      $slides.append("
" + current.title + "
");
      
      for(var i = 0; i < current.points.length; i++) {
        $slides.hide().append("
" + current.points[i] + "
").slideDown();  // lets animate
      }
      
    },
    
    /*
      Move to next slide.
    */
    next: function () {
      var that = this;
      that.counter ++;
      if (that.counter >= that.slides.length) {
        that.counter = 0;  // reset the counter if on last slide.
      }
      that.load(that.counter);  // load the slide
    },
    
    /*
      Move to prev slide.
    */
    prev: function () {
      var that = this;
      that.counter --;
        if (that.counter < 0) {
          that.counter = 0;  // reset the counter, if first slide reached.
        }
        that.load(that.counter);  // load the slide
    },
    
    // Event handler to track the click of next button
    _next: function () {
      var that = this;
      $(".next").on("click", function (e) {
        that.next();
      })
    },
    // Event handler to track the click of prev button
    _prev: function () {
       var that = this;
      $(".prev").on("click", function (e) {
        that.prev();
      })
    },
    
    /*
      Create the array for storing slide objects
    */
    slide: function (options) {
      this.slides.push(options);
      return this;  // for method chaining
    },
    
    /*
      Show the lide first time, by invoking the jQuery UI
      modal dialog.
    */
    show: function () {
      this.load(0);  // load the first slide
      
      this.$element.dialog({
        height: $(window).height()-10,
        width: $(window).width()-10,
        modal: true
      });
    }
  };
  
  window.mySlideShow = mySlideShow;
})(window, jQuery);

Here’s some screen shots with pointers to the code and the slide show in action.

P.S:  I definitely plan on updating and adding, reviewing, correcting contents based on latest changes.

Building a treeview plugin

Assume you the following unordered list of data, which needs to be rendered as a treeview.Hide   Shrink    Copy Code

    

        
First Level
            

                
Second Level
                
Second Level
                
Second Level
            
        
        
First Level
            

                
Second Level
                    

                        
Third Level
                        
Third Level
                        
Third Level
                            

                                
Fourth Level
                                
Fourth Level
                                
Fourth Level
                                    

                                        
Fifth Level
                                        
Fifth Level
                                        
Fifth Level
                                    
                                
                            
                        
                    
                
                
Second Level
            
        
        
First Level
            

                
Second Level
                
Second Level
            
        
    

We want to invoke out custom jquery plugin as shown below.Hide   Copy Code

We will create a jquery plugin named “quickTree” that can be invoked on any existing element. For this example I have made it work with a unordered list, but you can modify the code to suite to your requirement, add images,labels etc.

The code for the jquery plugin is give below and also a working plnkr url is sharedHide   Shrink    Copy Code

(function( $ ) {
    $.fn.quickTree = function(options) {
      // Establish our default settings
        var settings = $.extend({
            color        : "#ddffdd",
        }, options);
        
       return this.each(function() {
          var ele = $(this);
          
          $(ele).find('li' ).each( function() {
              if( $( this ).children( 'ul' ).length > 0 ) {
                  $( this ).addClass( 'parent' );     
              }
          });     
          
           $(ele).find('li > a' ).click( function( ) {
              if ($(this).parent().hasClass("parent")) {
                $( this ).parent().toggleClass( 'active' );
                $( this ).parent().children( 'ul' ).slideToggle( 'fast' );
              }
              if (settings.onNodeClick){
               settings.onNodeClick(this);
              }
           });
        });
    };
 
}( jQuery ));

The working url is here jQuery Treeview demo

References

• jQuery Reference Guide
• jQuery Visual QuickStart

History

• March 12, 2018- Added jquery custom treeview plugin (explanation pending)
• December 18, 2016- Added note regarding attribute selector. @symbol is no longer required after jQuery 1.3 version.
• December 16, 2016 – Added the slide show module example
• August 31, 2010 – Create your own Custom filter
• May 22, 2010 – Performance Best Practices.
• December 06, 2009 – Limit text input entry.
• September 15, 2009 – Generate Automatic TOC.
• August 24, 2009 – Added a simple AJAX use case.
• August 23, 2009 – Created the first version of the article.